MMM (Manusia Membantu Manusia) Indonesia

Setiap partisipan yang baru mendaftar dan bergabung dengan MMM harus memberikan bantuan terlebih dahulu, sebelum dia berhak mendapatkan bantuan dari partisipan lain. Begitu pula partisipan yang sudah lama bergabung dengan MMM, dia hanya bisa mendapatkan bantuan setelah dia memberikan bantuan.

Saat kita baru bergabung, kita tidak akan langsung mentransfer sejumlah uang ke member lain. Yang kita lakukan hanyalah mengisi data diri beserta rekening bank yang akan digunakan untuk memberi & menerima bantuan melalui sistem MMM. Kemudian, kita mengisi kolom bantuan sejumlah yang kita mampu dan kita mau. Jadi, uang tetap aman karena tetap ada di rekening bank kita.

Meskipun anda sudah bergabung dengan MMM, namun sebelum anda mendapatkan perintah untuk mentransfer sejumlah uang ke member yang membutuhkan bantuan tersebut, uang anda tetap berada di tangan anda.
Baru setelah ada perintah transfer dari sistem, baik itu lewat SMS, email atupun di account MMM anda, maka uang baru bisa berpindah dari tangan anda ke rekening member yang anda bantu, jika anda mentransfernya....  Jadi 100% uang anda aman dalam sistem MMM, karena uang tetap berada di tangan anda sebelum anda mentransfer bantuan tersebut....

Bantuan disalurkan berdasarkan ketentuan & petunjuk dari sistem MMM. Di Indonesia bantuan yang diberikan adalah, minimal 100rb dan kelipatannya, maksimal 10jt. Jika anda bisa memberikan bantuan diatas 10jt, berarti sebenarnya anda tidak membutuhkan bantuan saat ini.... :-)

Setelah anda memberikan bantuan, maka 1 bulan kemudian anda berhak mendapatkan bantuan sebesar bantuan yang anda berikan + profit sekian persen....

Ya, jika anda sudah memberikan bantuan, maka sebulan kemudian anda berhak meminta bantuan sebesar (100+x)% dari jumlah bantuan yang anda berikan.... ibarat anda mendepositokan uang anda sebesar 100%, maka bulan depan anda dapat profit sebesar x% ...

Dan saat ini, di Indonesia bantuan yang diterima partisipan sebesar 130% dari bantuan yang telah dia berikan...  Ibarat deposito, maka profitnya 30% dalam sebulan...

Misal, hari ini anda memberikan bantuan sebesar 1juta, maka bulan depan anda berhak menerima bantuan 1,3juta....

Darimanakah profit sebesar 30% itu....? Tentu saja dari member2 lain yang memberikan bantuan. Tidak ada sumber lain dari MMM.... Hanya ada satu sumber profit dari MMM, yaitu uang bebas masyarakat. Titik.

Persentase bantuan yang diperoleh partisipan dapat berubah-ubah, tergantung dari kebijakan sistem MMM.... namun persentase profit tersebut selalu jauh lebih besar dari pada bunga bank konvensional.... dan selama ini, minimal 30% perbulan...

Lebih dari sekedar lumayan....  Bahkan mungkin mustahil dan tidak masuk akal bagi anda saat ini....

Anda tertarik bergabung, klik link ini  disini

Six Causes of Menstrual Cycles Not Regular

Every woman has a menstrual cycle is different. Some experience it 10-11 times per year. There are 13 times per year. In fact, there are more or less. This happens because every woman has a uniqueness of each hormone that affects fertility.

Normal menstrual cycle describes the process of forming a good egg. Ideally, women experience menstrual cycles between 21 to 35 days. The cycle is calculated from the first day of menstruation until the last day before menstruation in the next month.

However, women generally suffer from hormonal imbalances that lead to menstrual irregularities in the first few years to get menstruation and menopause.

There are several factors that can disrupt the menstrual cycle of women, as quoted by the Times of India pages.

1. Weight unstable

Increase or decrease in body weight so drastically affect the entire body system. This is of course also affect hormones that automatically plays an important role in regulating the menstrual cycle.

2. Eating disorders

The condition of the body that refused food because he wanted to get used to always feel hungry (anorexia), the habit of eating plenty of food and then expelled by vomiting (bulimia), and the obsession has a proper diet and healthy diet (orthorexic nervosa) can disrupt a woman's monthly cycle.

3. Heavy activity

Some women who undergo heavy exercise or activity that is very tiring also at risk of irregular cycles.

4. Stress

Lifestyle full of stress, illness, family planning, treatment, and hormone problems can cause changes in hormone production. While the hormone is needed by the body to
support the occurrence of menstruation.

5. Nurse
Women who breastfeed for more than a year after giving birth will not get a regular cycle. However, this does not mean you can not get pregnant. If you want to postpone pregnancy, do not underestimate the irregular cycles during lactation. Continue using contraception to avoid pregnancy.

6. Health problems

Another factor is the failure of the release of an egg by the uterus caused by surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy using on the hips of women. The experts also say that the cycle irregularities also occur because of diseases such as tuberculosis, liver, and diabetes.

Sometimes even no apparent reason which resulted in women experiencing irregular cycles. Try to calm down. There may be a hormone imbalance causing your O cycle is uncertain. To be sure, do a pregnancy test or go to the doctor for it checked.

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Toxins in Cigarettes

Maybe you think only smoking a cigarette alone will not cause health problems. Think again. Therefore, American scientists found a cigarette is enough to block arteries and trigger heart attacks.

Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of toxic chemicals can directly cause damage to organs. In a recent study surgeon found no safe level of exposure a person exposed to cigarette smoke, both for active smokers and passive smokers.

This is because the cigarette smoke seeping directly into the bloodstream, chemically changing the organ so that the clot and arterial pressure. As a result, the artery narrows and closed. The report also found that even exposure to cigarette smoke in a short time can trigger a heart attack.

However, for those who want to quit smoking, never too late. Start now! Because, in the report also described what happens in the body when a person stops smoking

- 20 minutes: Blood pressure and pulse rate return to normal

- 8 hours: Nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in the blood is reduced half and oxygen back to normal.

- 24 hours: Carbon monoxide is lost from the body. The lungs begin to eliminate mucus and other smoking kototran result.

- 48 hours: The body cleanse nicotine from the body. The ability to feel the sense of smell and taste increases

- 72 hours: Breathing becomes easier. Bronchial tubes begin to relax and increase energy levels.

- 2-12 weeks: circulation improves.

- 3-9 months: Coughing, and respiratory problems increase with improvement in lung function by 10 percent

- 5 years: Risk of heart attack drops to about half compared to the smokers.

- 10 years: Risk of lung cancer is half of the smokers. The risk became similar to the non-smokers.

Why People Difficult to Stop Smoking

A new study published in the journal Biological Psychiatry found that the habit of smoking can reduce the thickness of the human brain.

Researchers compared the thickness of the cortex on volunteers, both smokers and who had never smoked, who have no medical or psychiatric illness. The cortex is the area of the brain that is responsible for many important functions, including language, information processing, and memory.

The result is stunning. People who smoke thinned cortex in the left middle orbitofrontal. People who smoke more frequently, according to the study, depletion of cortical networks will be increasingly obvious.

These findings show, with thinning of the cortex, then the risk of becoming a drug addict rose, even she will increasingly become heavy smokers.

Because of the thinning, it will be associated with impulse control, reward processing and decision making. This condition may explain how someone can become addicted to nicotine.

Ways to Heal Broken Heart

Disconnect love is something that is not easy. However, if the love relationship has been running poorly, regarded as something separate for the best. It's not easy to deal with it because the recovery process could be longer. However, to continue to defend it also does not necessarily make you happy.

In other words, the worse these relations, it is increasingly difficult to move. So you do not be in a situation like this, you need to know how to overcome the bitter breakup. So you do not be in a situation like this, you need to know how to overcome the bitterness of a breakup:

1. Get support from family and friends

Although usually at moments like this, you prefer or need time to themselves but not hurt you to be close to the people who care and love you like family or close friends. Spending time with family and friends can be helpful to re-awaken the spirit and self-esteem and your confidence. Usually destroy all of this bad relationship. And you need help to re-fix this.

2. Try to re-identify yourself

It may take a long time where you can do it. You should see your error and that regardless of the mistakes made by others. You need to spend some time to get to know yourself. After all, every person who becomes part of your life will surely change. And that you should know that the relationship has also changed and you have to move forward so that the change will not surprise you or someone else when you start a new relationship.

3. Change your attitude in dealing with a breakup.

After making the decision to end the relationship, you should be able to handle it until he could re-establish a new relationship. Avoid hurting yourself and bring memories of the past with your ex-girlfriend. Eliminate all associated with the former, delete photos, love letters so as not to make you remember back to the past. And most importantly you must remember that this is beginning to start a new life

Slim Healthy With Swimming

Mostly, people like to swim. Unfortunately, fun activities with the dip in the pool is more often simply acted while on vacation. In fact, many of the benefits you can feel if you do it regularly.

Swimming is a sport that can do all the people of any age or level of fitness conditions of any kind, even stroke patients and pregnant women are also advised to choose this sport. Not only that, it makes water sports as part of a weight loss program is also a good option.

Swimming is part of physiotherapy in the water. Anyone can swim and also a good way to maintain the condition of the body and burn calories. Will easily burn calories while you are swimming, because swimming movement works on all muscle, is different from regular fitness routines.

The theory behind this is the fact that water is added pressure 12 times greater than air, thus requiring more effort to move through the water. If the techniques in sports pool conducted properly, this activity is also good for maintaining muscle. Swimming useful build resilience to the respiratory muscles and heart.

Swimming is also believed to be a natural low-risk sports injuries. Unlike jogging and running, swimming does not provide too much pressure on the muscles and bones of the body. That is why the pool is known as a sport without risk, especially if you use the correct technique.

Buoyancy of water is known to support and sustain the body's 90 percent, so the water can act more like a cushion and protect you from injury.

In addition, the swim also have benefits like meditation. Therefore, water activity requires focus. You need to concentrate on movement and breathing rhythms. Most importantly, this exercise has a calming effect, so that could affect therapy to increase stamina.

Danger No Breakfast

A schedule of eating that is often forgotten is the breakfast. Breakfast is often overlooked simply because the reasons do not have time, get up late and so forth. In fact, breakfast is precisely the most important meal schedule.

If you regularly skip breakfast, this practice could endanger health. One of them, could increase the risk of heart disease. Avoid breakfast and select the move with an empty stomach can actually cause obesity. Excessive hunger before noon makes you eat more high fat foods. This can cause fat to accumulate around the abdomen, and improve cholesterol levels, which is a major risk factor for heart disease.

In addition, there was no food intake in the morning could also trigger higher insulin levels in the blood. If this condition goes on and on can be the precursor of diabetes. Those who are at risk of experiencing health problems due to neglect breakfast is an adult who regularly move without breakfast since the age they are still children, and the habit continued until they mature.

As a result, when they were in the late twenties, already detected that they have symptoms develop jantung.Selain disease, there is evidence that express, skipping breakfast can change the way you store body fat. Will accumulate more fat in the abdomen, which can be gelaja heart disease.

Simak

Baca secara fonetik

Avoided for Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer became the number two killer women after cervical cancer or cervical cancer. Up to now, unknown primary cause of this disease. In fact, young women also began to be threatened.

Early detection is needed to avoid breast cancer. Sometimes there are women who have made diet and healthy lifestyle, but still experiencing this disease. In addition to early detection, each woman also needs to enrich the information on this disease. Every 2 years began doing breast ultrasound, and regular check-ups. Women also need to know its risk factors.

The following risk factors that could cause breast cancer:
1. Not having children
2. Women over age 35 years
3. Genetic factors or genetic risk of breast cancer can be from 5 to 7.5 percent
4. Women who had suffered from benign breast tumors when young
5. Obesity factor
6. Women are more often active at night. This can happen because the hormone melatonin, which is getting lower and cause the hormone estrogen increases

Four Things Can Damage Teeth

There are some habits that you might not have thought could lead to dental problems. Tooth decay is triggered not only lazy habit of brushing teeth. There are some habits that you might not have thought could lead to dental problems.

Here are four trigger tooth decay is not known to many people, as quoted from Shine.

1. Acid drinks
Recent research Birmingham University found that consumption of sports drinks supplements trigger serious dental erosion and infection. Researchers tested two unnamed drinks and found levels that can shed tooth enamel.

The condition is likely due to the acidity levels that are contrary to normal PH balance of the mouth. Chemicals such as soda with aspartame acid also can make the teeth have worn. In fact, highly acidic juice can also cause infection and erosion from time to time.

2. Lipstick smear
According to the research team from the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, lipstick contains paraffin which can erode tooth enamel. When eroded enamel, the teeth become porous and creates the growth of bacteria. The effect is tooth decay, infection and fracture. Instead, choose a lipstick that does not contain paraffin.

3. Carbohydrate
High carbohydrate snack products are also not good for teeth. Once broken down into simple sugars that the effect is the same as sugar on the teeth. Sugar causing bacteria and plaque that causes gum disease and tooth cavity.

4. Too often brushing
According to the American Dental Association, brushing too often can make the abrasion on the teeth. Akibatkanya teeth become more sensitive and easier to feel pain. To avoid this, choose a toothbrush that is soft and hairy special toothpaste for sensitive teeth.

Six Ways to Conserve Water

During this time you may not be difficult to get clean water. Although so if you do not save water and keep it, it is not possible within the next few years could be a need for clean water is scarce.

That's why you should start the habit of saving water. Many ways you can do to keep the water clean from now on, the following six-way.

1. Avoid plastic bottles
Mineral water packed in disposable plastic bottles is very inefficient. Packaging plastic bottles are very difficult to break down in the soil, to parse even take a long time. Toxins in plastic bottles can also contaminate soil and water resources. We recommend using bottles that can be used multiple times and replenished.

2. Use a water filter
If you are concerned with water quality, to get drinking water use water filter equipment. More efficient because you do not need to buy water every time and does not require a plastic gallon. Easy, inexpensive and free of garbage.

3. Put the shower
Place the shower is closer to the head. This will make you berbilas faster, so the bath can be done in five minutes maximum of 10 minutes.

4. Replace flush toilet
Many toilets are wasteful of water. If your toilet so immediately replace with the new, more efficient flush water.

5. Cut grass
Do not be too much to plant grass. To maintain it requires a lot of water. Select only plants that are not too much water to maintain it. You can ask the seller of the plant.

6. Do not let the faucet is leaking
Immediately repair or replace it if there is a leaking faucet. Let it will only make the water wasted. Not to mention the pump that can be constantly lit. Not only saves water but also electricity.

Fight Diabetes with Seaweed

Trouble with diabetes? Could be, seaweed solution. Thus the results of medical research, published magazines Plant Foods for Human Nutrition December 2008 issue. According to research from the University Awai K Aomori, Japan, the content of methanol extracts from seaweeds Echlonia type stolonifera efficacious as anti-diabetic and anti-oxidants. Test efficacy studies that brown seaweed using rats exposed to diabetes and in vitro methods.
The content of high-level polyfenol strongly inhibit alpha-glucosidase in vitro and prevent the increase in plasma glucose and lipid peroxide levels in a rat experiment in small doses. The study also showed that rats fed seaweed extract for four weeks could reduce the high levels of plasma glucose after the animals were given a sugar crystal.

Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase is an effective way to prevent the development of diabetes. Control of blood glucose is also essential for hyperglycemic patients. Awai concluded that seaweed type E. stolonifera useful as a food is healthy and has the effect of anti-diabetic and antioxidant in vivo. In addition, seaweed is also useful to prevent diabetes and is also useful for development as anti-diabetic medication and entered as a healthy food menu. (Material taken from foodconsumer.org)

For Outstanding Career Stay on Top

This article takes from Vivanews.com. Have fallen from their peak to a place you never imagined before? This condition may occur. Many people are already at the top, had suffered a career decline. Maintaining a career position is more difficult than building. Therefore, if you want to stay at the top, you need to have a powerful strategy.

It takes investment 'assets' you to keep and maintain the success you have achieved today. These assets, among others:

1. Time
Time is the most valuable. If passed, the time can not be returned. Thus, use of time as possible just for the things that is oriented around the growth and stability of your career. Allocate your time only for productive activities and important.

2. Material
Building wealth is not only knowing the strategy earn big. But we also need to know about managing money. The trick is simple, larger servings of 'rice' (read: money) is invested back instead of rice consumed.

No matter how much your current income, try to reinvest the money. Usefulness, can be a 'pillar' career when you have a problem, so that your life is not really collapsed. Even possible that with this investment you can have a new career in addition to a career in which you worked today.

3. The people around you
Humans are social beings. Therefore, in reaching for something, people need other people, whether family, leaders in the office, colleagues, and so forth. Invest these people a way to give good treatments, so when you need them, they are happy to support you. Remember, people outside of yourself you can build once you drop.

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CANCER TREATMENT: Radiation Therapy

Therapeutic radiology uses high-energy particles or waves, such as X rays or gamma rays, to focus damaging radiation on the region of a tumor, inflicting genetic damage that kills cancerous cells. Radiation therapy damages rapidly dividing cells, mostly cancer cells but also healthy cells that reproduce quickly. This leads to side effects such as fatigue, skin changes, and loss of appetite.

Other side effects usually are related to the treatment of specific areas, such as hair loss following radiation treatment to the head. Radiation therapy can also cause a decrease in the number of white blood cells, cells that help protect the body against infection. Most side effects are short-lived, as healthy tissues recover from radiation much better than cancer cells because healthy cells repair damaged DNA more efficiently.

Many short doses of radiation therapy, instead of fewer heavier doses, can minimize side effects. The total dose and the number of treatments depend on the size, location, and type of cancer and the patient’s general health. Patients usually receive radiation therapy five days a week for five to eight weeks. Weekend rest breaks allow normal cells to recover.

Unlike surgery, radiation can destroy microscopic cancer cells that have moved into surrounding tissues. Radiation is also a safer option for older patients or those weakened from other diseases, who may not recover well from surgery. Oncologists may use radiation to shrink the tumor, making surgery feasible. For other tumors, radiation may be used following surgery. However, radiation does not always eliminate all tumor cells, and it cannot treat widespread metastases. Like surgery, radiation therapy may be used to relieve pain and discomfort, even when a cure is not likely.

CANCER TREATMENT: Surgery

Oncologists select from a number of options when treating cancer, depending on the type and stage of the tumor involved. The major treatments currently available are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. Often, targeting cancerous tumors requires the artful combination of more than one type of cancer therapy.

Surgery is the most effective and fastest treatment for tumors that are caught early and have not metastasized. It is the only option ensuring that the entire visible tumor is eliminated. However, there is no guarantee that all microscopic extensions of a tumor have been removed. For this reason, surgeons may also remove a large portion of healthy tissue that surrounds the tumor. This may not be possible if the tumor lies near or within a vital tissue, such as a major nerve or organ.

Often, cancer surgery requires general anesthesia, in which the patient loses consciousness, and a hospital stay of several days. For example, women with breast cancer may have a lumpectomy or mastectomy, surgical removal of part (or all) of the breast. Depending on the stage of the tumor, doctors may also remove the nearby lymph nodes and muscle tissue. As with any major surgery, mastectomies and other major surgical cancer treatments involve some risk, and doctors must consider the overall health of the patient, as well as the stage of the tumor.

Some cancers can be treated surgically with less-invasive techniques, such as laser surgery. Laser surgery uses a powerful beam of high-energy light to vaporize certain tumors of the cervix, larynx, and skin. Physicians perform laser surgery with an endoscope inserted through a small incision in the skin. Laser surgery and other less-invasive surgical procedures may require only local anesthesia, in which a patient loses feeling in one particular area of the body but never loses consciousness.

Sometimes oncologists recommend surgery to improve a patient’s quality of life, even if it is not likely to rid the body of cancer. Surgery of this type aims to correct a problem that is causing discomfort or disability. For example, some cancers may spread to the spine, pressing on the spinal cord or nearby nerves. This pressure may cause severe pain, and in some instances, paralysis. Surgical removal of all or part of the tumor near the spine may alleviate these symptoms.

DIAGNOSA CANCER BY STAGING

In previous writings I wrote an article Diagnosis of Cancer by Detection of Cancer, now I'll write a continuation of the article. When a tumor is detected, the physician takes a biopsy by removing a sample of the tissue. The biopsy sample is inspected under a microscope to determine if the tumor is benign or malignant. Cancerous cells usually appear abnormal in shape and no longer orient themselves in orderly configurations. If the tumor is cancerous, the physician assigns it a stage, indicating how far cancer has spread. The stage is a key factor in determining both the cancer’s treatment and prognosis.

Oncologists, physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, use several different staging systems. In one system, tumors are grouped into four stages denoted by Roman numerals I through IV. Stage I cancers are small localized cancers that are usually curable. Stage II and III tumors are usually locally advanced and may or may not have invaded nearby lymph nodes, and stage IV tumors have usually metastasized—that is, spread to distant tissues in the body.

The most widely used staging system is the Tumor, Lymph Node, and Metastasis system, commonly abbreviated TNM. This system uses numbers between zero and three to assess the size of the tumor (T), the extent that it has spread to nearby lymph nodes (N), and the extent that it has spread throughout the body (M). A cancer’s stage depends on a combination of these numbers. For example, a T-1, N-0, and M-0 tumor is a stage 1 tumor. This tumor is 2 cm (1 in) or less (T-1) and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes (accounting for N-0) or metastasized (M-0). The five-year survival rate for a patient with this stage tumor is accordingly excellent. A T-3, N-1, and M-0 tumor is a stage 3 tumor.

This tumor is greater than 5 cm (2 in) and has spread to nearby lymph nodes, but there is no evidence that the cancer has spread to distant tissues. The five-year survival rate for a patient with this tumor is not as high as the T-1, N-0, M-0 patient. Stage 4 tumors are distinguished by an M-1 number. This means they have progressed to the point where metastasis is widespread, and the prognosis is usually quite poor.

DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER BY DETECTION OF CANCER

Diagnosis of cancer often begins when a person notices an unusual health symptom and consults a doctor. Early warning signs of cancer include changes in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or a lump in the breast or any other part of the body, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, change in appearance of a wart or mole, or a nagging cough or hoarseness.

People with early warning signs should consult their family doctor, who will evaluate symptoms and may refer the patient to a physician who specializes in cancer. A physician will first take the patient’s medical history to learn about current symptoms, past history of disease, and family members diagnosed with cancer. The procedures used in a physical exam depend on the patient’s clinical symptoms and may include a digital rectal examination, in which the physician uses a gloved finger to gently check the smoothness of the rectal lining. The physician may perform a breast exam on female patients, in which the breasts are gently probed to feel for lumps or unusual masses.

During the examination the physician may use a thin, lighted tube called an endoscope to look for tumors in internal body cavities. The endoscopy procedure used depends on the organ or body cavity examined. In gastric endoscopy, the doctor feeds a specialized endoscope down the throat to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. Fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy, in which a flexible instrument is inserted into the lower intestinal tract through the anus, enables a physician to visually examine the interior of the colon and rectum. Colonoscopy uses a much longer flexible instrument to view the entire length of the large intestine.

A number of laboratory tests help narrow the possible diagnoses. In a Pap smear, cells are removed from the cervical epithelium with a small plastic brush. These cells are examined under a microscope for cell changes that are a sign that cancer may be developing as well as signs of malignancy. If a patient’s clinical signs suggest colorectal cancer, the doctor may search for blood in the stool using a fecal occult blood test. A small sample of the patient’s stool is smeared on a card coated with a chemical called guaiac, which reacts with blood. The card is analyzed in a laboratory for occult (hidden) blood. Certain blood tests determine if levels of red and white blood cells are low, a possible indication of leukemia. Others test for the presence of tumor markers, chemicals that are present in higher levels when certain cancers are present. For example, a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test measures levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. Prostate cancer cells overproduce this protein, causing an elevation of PSA levels in blood.

Medical imaging techniques help doctors locate and evaluate a tumor. These include computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. CT and MRI scans use computers to form a three-dimensional image of the tumor and surrounding tissues. X-ray images of the breast called mammograms help physicians detect and evaluate breast cancer. Ultrasound scanning bounces high-frequency sound waves off a tumor and surrounding tissue to create an image of the tumor. The multimodality display technique combines the images from several imaging tools into one picture, providing a final three-dimensional image with much greater detail. Computer-aided diagnosis uses complex computer programming technology called artificial intelligence to scan mammograms and X rays to help look for signs of cancer and offer an automated second opinion.

CAUSES OF CANCER

Cancer can develop in the human body, where this discussion has been detailed in previous posts. In this article will discuss about the things that cause cancer.

Scientists do not fully understand the causes of cancer, but studies show that some people are more likely to develop the disease than others. Scientists called epidemiologists study particular populations to identify why cancer rates vary. One method they use is to compare cancer patients with healthy people in terms of behavior such as diet, exercise, and smoking and traits such as gender, age, and race. Population studies provide useful information about risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing cancer.

1. Carcinogens

One of the greatest risk factors for cancer is prolonged or repeated exposure to carcinogens—chemical, biological, or physical agents that cause the cellular damage that leads to cancer. The details of how carcinogens cause cancer remain unclear. One theory is that exposure to carcinogens, when combined with the effects of aging, causes an increase in chemicals in the body called free radicals. An excessive number of free radicals causes damage by taking negatively charged particles called electrons from key cellular components of the body, such as DNA. This may make genes more vulnerable to the mutating effects of carcinogens.

2. Hereditary Factors

Evidence suggests that heredity plays a role in developing cancer. Some gene mutations associated with cancer are inherited. For example, inheriting mutated tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 greatly increases a woman’s chances of developing breast cancer. About 50 to 60 percent of women with inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations will develop breast cancer by the age of 70. Inherited mutations in the genes MSH2, MLH1, PMS1, and PMS2, all of which repair DNA, are especially prevalent in a rare form of hereditary colon cancer.

Scientists suspect that many other hereditary factors contribute to cancer. In addition to inherited mutations, other genetic variations, particularly those influencing how the body responds to carcinogens, may create a greater susceptibility to cancer. The identities of the majority of these genetic variations are not yet known.

3. Steroid Hormones

Medical research suggests that cancers of the reproductive organs may be affected by naturally occurring steroid hormones produced by the endocrine system. These hormones stimulate reproductive organ cells to divide and grow. In women, relatively high or long exposure to the female sex hormone estrogen seems to increase the risk of breast and uterine cancers.

Thus, early age at first menstruation, late age at menopause, having a first child after age 30, and never having children, all of which affect the duration of estrogen exposure in the body, increase the risk for these cancers. Studies also indicate that hormone replacement therapy (HRT), in which women take estrogen to offset the unpleasant effects of menopause, increases the risk of breast cancer. Male sex hormones, particularly testosterone, appear to play a role in cancers of the male reproductive organs, but this role is not yet well understood.

4. Population Demographics

Population studies show that a person’s age, race, and gender affect the probability that he or she will develop cancer. Most cancers occur in adults middle-aged or older. The risk of cancer increases as individuals age because genetic mutations accumulate slowly over many years, and the older a person is, the more likely that he or she will have accumulated the collection of mutations necessary to turn an otherwise healthy cell into a cancerous cell.

More than three-fourths of all cancers in North America are diagnosed in people over age 55. Statistics show that men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In the United States, nearly half of all men will develop cancer at some point in their lifetimes, whereas slightly more than one-third of women will.

Stomach cancer is nearly twice as common in men as in women, as are certain types of kidney cancer. However, the reasons for the discrepancy between the sexes are unknown. Some cancers are more prevalent in particular races than others. In the United States, for example, bladder cancer is twice as common in white people as in black people. White women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer than are black women, but black women are more likely to die of the disease.

Asian, Hispanic, and Native American women have the lowest breast cancer risk. On the whole, African Americans, especially men, are more likely to develop cancer—and more likely to die from it—than members of any other group in the United States. Reasons for the discrepancies between races are still not entirely clear, but many epidemiologists trace them to differences in diet and exercise, unequal access to medical care, and exposure to carcinogens.